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Research
Methodology and Details
The following
reports present the results of toxicology, cell proliferation, and
efficacy testing work carried out on Virutases in 2001-2002 by
contract laboratories of the Virology Branch of the Antiviral
Research and Antimicrobial Chemistry Program, Division of
Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (DMID) Screening and Testing
Program for Antiviral, Immunomodulatory, Antitumor and/or Drug
Delivery Activities, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases (NIAID), under the auspices of the National Institutes of
Health (NIH, Bethesda, Maryland). Samples of Virutases were submitted
directly to the contract laboratories for evaluation. Efficacy data
are presented for five herpes viruses, three influenza viruses, and
two hemorrhagic fever viruses.
Herpes simplex
virus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) are responsible for orofacial and
genital herpes, respectively. Approximately 45 million Americans are
serum-positive for genital herpes (type 2), with 20 million routinely
exhibiting symptoms. It is believed that 80% of Americans are
serum-positive for orofacial herpes (type 1), virtually all of whom
occasionally exhibit symptoms. Roughly half of herpes simplex viruses
are today Acyclovir-resistant. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is
pervasive in the U.S.: 90% of the urban U.S. population is
serum-positive for HCMV, although infection in immunocompetent
individuals is generally asymptomatic. Varicella zoster virus (VZV)
is the cause of chickenpox in children and shingles in adults.
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the cause of infectious mononucleosis in
adolescents and young adults.
Influenza A
(INFL-A) (6 strains) and B (INFL-B) (3 strains) are routinely
responsible for 20,000-30,000 deaths annually in the U.S., and well
over 100,000 hospitalizations. Pandemics occur when the virus mutates
radically. The 1918 "Spanish flu" [Influenza A(H1N1)]
caused approximately 500,000 deaths in the U.S. and 20,000,000
worldwide. The 1957-58 "Asian flu" [influenza A(H2N2)]
resulted in 70,000 deaths in the U.S., while the 1968-69 "Hong
Kong flu" [influenza A(H3N2)] brought about 34,000 U.S. dead.
Pichinde virus
(PICV) is a "New-World" (South American) arena virus whose
members are generally associated with rodent-transmitted disease in
humans. Punta Toro virus (PUTV) is a South American phlebovirus of
the Bunyaviridae family of viruses, and is transmitted by sand flies.
Crimean-Congo, Rift Valley, and Hanta viruses are also members of
this family.
Links to
Actual Test Reports and Research Data Citings
(PDF
Files--require Adobe Acrobat)
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Herpes
Viruses |
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(Herpes Simplex 1,
Herpes Simplex 2, Human Cytomegalovirus, and Varicella Zoster Virus
with HFF Cells)
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Influenza
Viruses |
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Influenza A/New
Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1), Influenza A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2), Influenza
A/NWS/33 (H1N1), Influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1), Influenza
A/Shangdong/09/93 (H3N2), Influenza A/Sydney/05/97 (H3N2), Influenza B/Beijing/184/93,
Influenza B/Harbin/07/94, and Influenza B/Hong Kong/5/72 with MDCK Cells
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Mononucleosis
Virus |
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Epstein-Barr Virus
with Daudi Cells
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Hemorrhagic
Fever Viruses |
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Pichinde Virus
(Strain An 4763) with BSC-1 Cells, Punta Toro A Virus (Strain Adames)
with LLC-MK2 Cells
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Toxicity
Assays |
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HFF, MDCK, LLC-MK2 Cells
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Live-Animal
Trial |
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Virutase with
Influenza A/Shang-dong/09/93 (H3N2) |
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Cell
Proliferation (Viability) Assays |
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HFF, Daudi Cells |
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Bibliography
and Research Citings |
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Over 350 cites of
research articles and published papers concerning humates. Include
details of structure, chemistry, therapeutic uses, anti-viral
properties and amino acid content |
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